Italy’s slow economic recovery since 2014 is finally gathering pace, but the upturn is likely to prove short-lived as few, if any, of its structural problems have yet been fixed.

Those Italian companies that are internationally competitive are performing strongly and hiring staff, helping gross domestic product to jump 0.5 per cent in the first quarter.

But long-standing weaknesses – ranging from red tape and corruption to underinvestment in education and a huge public debt – remain. This suggests the upturn is merely part of the business cycle and risks fading once temporary factors, such as government employment incentives and ultra-low interest rates, start falling away.

Still, the Standard & Poor’s agency raised Italy’s sovereign credit rating last month for the first time in 35 years, citing improved growth prospects supported by rising investment and employment. This surprised many observers, and yet data in the eurozone’s third-largest economy is beating expectations.

Business morale is at its highest for a decade, industrial output rose in August for the fourth month running, export volumes climbed 2.8 per cent in the first eight months and GDP is forecast to grow this year at its fastest rate since 2010.

“Business is going very well,” said Gaetano Bergami, the owner of BMC, a medium-sized company based in Bologna which makes air filters for cars and motorbikes which it exports to more than 90 countries.

“We are growing internationally because BMC is part of that 30 per cent of Italian firms with competitive products,” he said.  The company recently hired around 10 workers to bring its total Italian workforce to 96, and its turnover has risen steadily to an estimated €12 million this year.

Economy Minister Pier Carlo Padoan estimated this week that growth bounced back to 0.5 per cent in the third quarter after slipping to 0.3 per cent in the second. “The recovery is consolidating and GDP growth is getting more robust,” he said.

However, BMC and similarly successful firms which managed to thrive even during Italy’s double-dip recession between 2008 and 2013 mask the country’s overall lack of competitiveness.

Bologna is the capital of Emilia-Romagna, one of Europe’s strongest industrial regions

Bologna is the capital of Emilia-Romagna, one of Europe’s strongest industrial regions and home to world beaters such as the Ferrari sports-car firm and Barilla food processing giant.

But neither BMC nor Emilia-Romagna are typical. Italian labour productivity – measured as output per hour worked – has been stagnant for the last decade and is the weakest in the European Union after Greece, according to Eurostat data.

So-called ‘multi-factor productivity’, which measures the overall efficiency of an economy, has been equally dismal and actually fell 0.2 per cent in 2016, according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Italy’s jobless rate of 11.1 per cent and its youth unemployment at 35.7 per cent remain among the highest in the EU.

Italy is being tugged along by strong European and global growth but it remains the eurozone’s most sluggish performer.

Not only did the economy contract far more than its eurozone partners following the global financial crisis, losing about nine per cent of its GDP between 2008 and 2013, but its subsequent rebound has also been less pronounced.

Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni has taken care not to raise unrealistic expectations. “Finally we are in a phase of economic recovery but we mustn’t overstate it or imagine that the wounds opened by the crisis have healed,” he said last month.

The International Monetary Fund forecasts the economy will grow 1.5 per cent this year, which is strong by Italian standards and in line with Rome’s own estimate. But it is still the lowest projected growth rate of any EU country, and the IMF forecasts the gap between Italy and its partners will widen next year.

“It’s hard to imagine Italy growing more than the other European countries,” Roberto Perotti, economics professor at Milan’s Bocconi University, told Reuters.

Perotti said that labour reform, attempted most recently in 2015 by Gentiloni’s predecessor Matteo Renzi, has been the only structural change in the economy of recent years. “It’s not clear if that has made things better or worse,” he added.

Now monetary and political clouds are gathering. From January, the European Central Bank will begin scaling back its purchases of government bonds which have been aimed at stimulating the eurozone economy after the global crisis.

These have benefited Italy more than most eurozone countries because of its massive public debt, the world’s fourth largest in absolute terms.

The ECB has bought more than €300 billion of Italian government bonds since March 2015, ensuring low interest rates for a country that spends €70 billion every year servicing its debt.

“The ECB programme gave us huge advantages and we have wasted them all,” said Gustavo Piga, economics professor at Rome’s Tor Vergata University.

Piga said that instead of spending billions of euros on tax cuts and fiscal breaks for companies, Italy should have overhauled its inefficient public administration and increased public investment in education and infrastructure.

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