Young men who had smoked marijuana recreationally were twice as likely to be diagnosed with testicular cancer than men who have never used the drug, according to a US study.
The research is notironclad proof that marijuana is to blame and, even ifit is, the danger is not overwhelming
Researchers whose findings appeared in the journal Cancer said the link appeared to be specific to a type of tumour known as nonseminoma.
“This is the third study consistently demonstrating a greater than doubling of risk of this particularly undesirable sub- type of testicular cancer among young men with marijuana use,” said Victoria Cortessis of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, who led the study.
“I myself feel like we need to take this seriously now,” she added, noting that the rates of testicular cancer have been rising inexplicably over the past century.
The research is not ironclad proof that marijuana is to blame and, even if it is, the danger is not overwhelming.
According to the American Cancer Society, a man’s lifetime risk of getting testicular cancer is about one in 270 – and because effective treatment is available, the risk of dying from the disease is just one in 5,000.
So far, little is known about what causes it. Prof. Cortessis said undescended testicles, in which the testes remain in the abdomen beyond the age of a year, are a risk factor. Both pesticide and hormone exposure have also been associated with the tumours.
Prof. Cortessis and her colleagues used data from 163 young men who had been diagnosed with testicular cancer and nearly 300 men in a comparison group without the disease. Both groups had been interviewed about their health and drug use between 1987 and 1994.
Among the men with cancer, 81 per cent had used marijuana at some point, whereas that was the case for 70 per cent of the comparison group.
By contrast, cocaine use was linked to a smaller risk of the tumours. That is important because it signals that men who have been diagnosed with cancer are not just more honest about their drug use, thereby creating a spurious link between marijuana and cancer, Prof. Cortessis said.
It is not entirely clear how marijuana would influence men’s cancer risk but Prof. Cortessis said developing testicles may somehow respond to the drug’s main active ingredient.
The new study is “interesting”, said Carl van Walraven of the University of Ottawa in Canada, who has studied testicular cancer, but said it has a number of limitations.
For instance, it did not find an increased risk among men with higher marijuana use and it was relatively small.
But Prof. Cortessis highlighted the consistent results from all the studies so far.
“It is hard to imagine a scenario whereby it is due to chance and I can’t think of a systematic bias that would cause this.
“I will feel very confident that this is cause and effect once we have worked out the biology,” she said.