Two historical Bordeaux wine estates have gone green, breaking a long resistance to organic viticulture among the region’s elite producers.
As in other world-class regions, an organic approach is a weapon in their battle for sustainability.
“Still in 2011, there are people who do not trust in the fact that it is possible to grow organic in Bordeaux,” said Jean Michel Comme, manager of the 80-hectare Chateau Pontet Canet in Pauillac.
“As soon as the total estate was organic and biodynamic, we aimed for a certification as a way to prove that we were sincere in our project.”
“This is a return to viticulture in the right direction,” added Xavier Planty, co-owner and director of the first-growth 100-hectare Chateau Guiraud estate, recently certified organic.
Wine made from organically grown grapes is generally defined as made without using any synthetic fertilizers, weed killers or insecticides.
“But organic viticulture is just one step, and it only has meaning if you work the rest of sustainability,” said Mr Planty.
Naysayers have long argued that, while Bordeaux’s location on the 45th parallel in southwest France creates ideal conditions for Cabernet and Merlot, it’s also a happy spot for rot, mildew and voracious insects like grapevine moth that can destroy quality, yields and ultimately profits.
“We have to put an end to this idea that everyone is beautiful and nature is beautiful,” said Muriel Barthe, technical director at Bordeaux’s wine council. “We have to fight against aggressors. It’s a constant battle.”
Organic grape growers use copper – a traditional method – for fighting mildew, but Mr Barthe nixes that as an option for Bordeaux.
“Copper is a heavy metal and we know it’s toxic for the soil,” she said. “We are not going to go backwards.”
As of 2010, 343 wine estates in the Gironde, where Bordeaux appellations dominate, practice organic viticulture. Some 2,250 hectares are in conversion and 1,836 hectares are already certified. More could be on the horizon.
Last year, Bordeaux’s wine council began a pilot sustainability programme with 25 winegrowers, cooperatives and negociants with the objective of achieving ISO 14001 certification. One year later, they have 250 new candidates. “It’ll go fast,” predicted Mr Barthe.
Frontrunners such as Mr Planty and Mr Comme show evidence that low yields and a holistic approach allows them to avoid using low levels of copper, and eliminate the pesticides that could endanger workers’ health.
“It’s true that organic viticulture requires one to accept that the vines re-find a balance with regards to the soil,” Mr Planty said.
“People think they are going to go organic but keep the same industrial production philosophy. That doesn’t work. You have to change the approach,” added Comme.
“The industrial system is not sustainable. It’s not economical. It survives with subsidies.”
Both Mr Planty and Mr Comme contend that the lower yields are offset by increased grape quality, which leads to a higher proportion of first-label wines and profitability.
“Pontet Canet is not a potato patch,” said Mr Comme. “I need sufficient yield and quality.”
Furthermore, Mr Comme argues the same model works for less prestigious estates.
“I don’t live in the bubble of grand cru classe estate – I have a little vineyard myself,” said Mr Comme.
His wife Corinne runs their modest 10-hectare organic estate Chateau du Champs des Treilles, and sells their wine for a respectable €7 a bottle.
She now consults with first growth Chateau Climens in their conversion to organic and biodynamic grape growing, while Mr Comme consults with cru bourgeois Chateau Senejac with 40 hectares in conversion.
“There is a real dynamic of development in conversions to organic viticulture,” said Elisabeth Mercier, director of Agence Bio, which certifies the vineyards.