Oil's record jump to $139 a barrel at the end of last week defies any single explanation, although some leading analysts and producers predict the price could yet go higher.
Some put the move down to comments by an Israeli minister about a possible attack on Iran, the world's fourth-largest producer.
Others cited strong oil market fundamentals.
"There is a strong fundamental baseline to all of this," said Kevin Norrish, oil analyst at Barclays Capital. "On top of that, Iran has come back onto people's radar screens."
Iran's dispute with the West over Tehran's nuclear work had until last week faded in importance to oil investors, although the comments from Israel's transport minister Shaul Mofaz sparked a scramble to buy.
Banks such as Goldman Sachs and Barclays are prominent among those saying oil market fundamentals are a key factor in rising prices. Producers, including Opec, tend to blame factors other than supply, such as speculation.
Citigroup, in a note on Monday, said the broader themes behind oil's latest jump were probably disappointing growth in supply and robust world demand, and prices could rally even further.
World demand, while crimped by record prices, is still expected to rise by about one million barrels per day (bpd) this year, while supply from producers outside Opec is at risk of posting no growth, the bank said.
"Until clear evidence emerges that demand is moving towards negative territory in absolute terms, a break of the bull run in oil is unlikely," the bank said.
The weakness of the US currency has been a major factor behind this year's commodity price gains as dollar-denominated raw materials offer a potential hedge against inflation.
Other explanations for the rally emphasised fundamentals.
According to the International Energy Agency, the lack of a rise in oil inventories in the second quarter - a time when they usually rise - and concern about Iran were reasons behind Friday's price jump.
"I think as a result of that we saw a surge of a combination of risk management buying and a reluctance to sell," said Lawrence Eagles, head of the Oil Industry and Markets Division at the Paris-based IEA.
But many oil producers, including the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and some of the world's largest fully publicly traded oil firms, say supply is enough and blame speculation for rising prices.
Opec officials have lined up to say the exporter group does not need to pump more and Jeroen van der Veer, head of Royal Dutch Shell Plc, has blamed market "psychology," not shortages, for record prices.