Fewer than 10 of the approximately 40 banks that conduct EU business out of London have applied so far for a licence to continue banking in the bloc after Britain leaves, regulatory sources told Reuters.
The slow pace of applications is raising concern at the European Central Bank, the EU's top banking supervisor, that some lenders are not doing enough to prepare for Brexit, or may even avoid its watch through a gap in the rules.
The past two months have seen a pick-up in the number of banks saying they plan to set up new EU subsidiaries after Brexit, with most major US, British and Japanese banks saying they will establish units in Frankfurt or Dublin. But supervisory sources say they have still seen few formal applications for licences.
"We're having lots of meetings but not enough concrete action," one supervisor said.
The application for a banking licence, to an EU member state's national regulator and to the ECB, can take 6-12 months
While Britain does not leave the EU until March 2019, bank executives have said time is already running out: it could take 18 months or more to set up a new subsidiary, given the need to relocate staff, get the requisite technology and change contractual arrangements with EU clients.
The location of investment banks' European headquarters is a major issue during Britain's negotiations to leave the EU. Companies across the bloc depend for financing on global banks whose European arms are now mainly based in London. The Bank of England estimates that half of all the debt and equity issued in the EU involves financial institutions in Britain.
The application for a banking licence, to an EU member state's national regulator and to the ECB, can take 6-12 months, and possibly longer if many banks apply at the same time. Three sources at different EU banking watchdogs told Reuters the total number of banks that had submitted applications so far across Europe was still in single digits.
There are around 40 banks that now conduct business in other EU countries from UK bases. These include UK lenders, the big Wall Street investment banks and smaller groups from Asia and the Middle East.
Most major international and UK banks already operate small licensed subsidiaries in at least one other EU country, but would still need expanded regulatory approval to transfer big chunks of their London business to them
Most major international and UK banks already operate small licensed subsidiaries in at least one other EU country, but would still need expanded regulatory approval to transfer big chunks of their London business to them.
In at least five cases – Barclays, Citi, HSBC, JPMorgan and State Street – European subsidiaries are already big enough to be directly supervised by the ECB, although they may need further permission to expand their operations.
Barclays has said it plans to secure an expanded licence for its subsidiary in Ireland. Among other big banks, Royal Bank of Scotland is negotiating with Dutch supervisors about moving some of its staff and business to its subsidiary in the Netherlands, while Lloyds and Standard Chartered plan to make formal submissions this year.
Bank subsidiaries that obtain only a broker-dealer licence, rather than an EU banking licence, would not be able to take deposits or write loans for EU clients, but they could still deal in securities. The ECB worries that if banks avoid their supervision it could bring additional risks.
Global investment bank Morgan Stanley may be among those taking this route. A source has told Reuters the US firm, which already has a licensed bank in Germany, has applied for a brokerage licence from German market and banking supervisor Bafin.
The ECB has asked EU lawmakers to close the loophole that allows banks to obtain brokerage licences without ECB supervision, but this has yet to happen.