Workers across the European Union sought to unite in a string of strikes and demonstrations against austerity measures today.
They have faced increased taxes and cuts in spending, pensions and benefits to bring public debt under control.
The result has been a dramatic drop in living standards in many nations that leaders have accepted as collateral for policies they claim are unavoidable. With no end in sight to the economic misery, workers were trying to take a stand.
"Of course it's a political strike, against the policies of a suicidal and anti-social government," said Igancio Fernandez Toxo, a CCOO Spanish union leader, as the general strike spread through Spain where a 25% unemployment rate has put the country at the heart of the EU social unrest.
A Spanish Interior Ministry official said 32 people were been arrested and 15 treated for minor injuries in disturbances.
Spain's General Workers' Union said the nationwide stoppage, the second this year, was being observed by nearly all workers in the automobile, energy, shipbuilding and constructions industries. The government downplayed the impact.
A north-south divide emerged in the participation to the strikes, with unions in wealthier states like the Netherlands and the Nordic nations, where the crisis has not hit that hard, not in the mood for closing down their countries.
Belgium straddles that divide but a 24-hour rail stoppage and scattered strikes through the south of the nation disrupted daily life. Both the Thalys and Eurostar high-speed rail services that connect Brussels with London and Paris were severely disrupted.
"Austerity means cuts in the public services and public companies and also cuts in the buying power for the working class," said Belgian socialist union leader Filip Peers. "Austerity means recession and it deepens the crisis."
From his headquarters nearby, the chief of the EU employers' federation took a different view.
"If you start striking at national level and in companies you only will harm the economy," said Eurobusiness leader Philippe de Buck. "And it is not the right thing to do today."
"It costs billions" of euros, he said, adding that Europe's reputation as a hotbed of trade union action would not attract global investors.
Europe has been a global trailblazer for union action and workers' rights over the past half century have been one of the cornerstones of the continent's vaunted welfare state, with its guaranteed medical care, unemployment benefits and often generous pensions.
Where this was not directly under threat, labour action was more muted.
"So far, there are only symbolic demonstrations here in Germany, because we were able to avoid the crisis," said Michael Sommer, the head of Germany's main labour union federation.
In Denmark, too, there were no strikes, since cooperation between workers and employers have largely survived the crisis so far.
"The employers speak the same language as we do and we understand each other's' needs and demands," said Joergen Frederiksen, a 69-year-old retired worker and a former shop steward. "There are good vibes between us and that means a lot."