US President Barack Obama’s landmark health reform faces a make-or-break test in the Supreme Court this week in a historic case likely to shape the nation’s future political landscape.

The main controversy focuses on a measure that requires all Americans to purchase personal health insurance from 2014 or face fines

The nine justices of America’s highest court will meet from Monday for an unprecedented three days to hear arguments into different aspects of the constitutionality of the ground-breaking legislation.

Some political analysts say the health care law, enacted in 2010 but which will not come fully into force until 2014, is Mr Obama’s greatest accomplishment, finally realising a long-held dream of generations of Democrats.

But Republicans seeking to thwart Mr Obama’s bid for a second term in the White House see it as an assault on cherished individual liberties, and have vowed to repeal it if elected in the November presidential elections.

The law intended to provide health coverage to 32 million uninsured Americans risks being carved up by a largely conservative Supreme Court as they hear lawsuits by more than half the states, an employers’ organisation and individuals. The main controversy focuses on a measure that requires all Americans to purchase personal health insurance from 2014 or face fines.

“If they can force you to buy health insurance, they can force you to buy a car, asparagus, a gym membership,” said Kenneth Cuccinelli, attorney general of Virginia, one of 28 states seeking to overturn the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

“This case fundamentally is not about health care, it is about liberty,” Dr Cuccinelli, a Republican, said.

Other provisions bar insurance companies from refusing to insure people with pre-existing or chronic conditions, who are often now rejected for coverage or forced to pay exorbitant premiums. The companies must also provide certain kinds of coverage that previously were excluded, such as contraception.

Five lawsuits argue Congress exceeded its constitutional authority by approving the law. Under the commerce sections of the US Constitution, individuals cannot be forced to buy products.

Ilya Shapiro, a fellow for the conservative public policy foundation Cato Institute, said the health care reform dispute could cost Nr Obama his job.

“If the law is struck down, then the administration’s signature achievement is gone,” Ms Shapiro said. “If it’s upheld, that would energise the Tea Parties, the Republican base and even independents, who are all overwhelmingly against ‘Obamacare’.”

The US Justice Department has hit back arguing the law is within the authority of Congress to regulate commerce and to tax citizens.

“Congress was reacting to 50 million people being uninsured in this country,” said former Obama Administration acting solicitor general, Neal Katyal.

Americans who lack health care are less productive and often push their unpaid health bills onto taxpayers, who are forced to subsidise emergency room visits, according to the Obama Administration.

Two-thirds of Americans believe the Supreme Court should either overturn the entire law or at least remove the provision requiring the purchase of health insurance, according to a recent ABC News/Washington Post survey.

However, the requirement to purchase health insurance also makes the law work, argued Ruth Marcus in a Washington Post opinion piece.

Without the health insurance requirement, uninsured Americans would use $116 billion (€87 billion) of health care each year but rarely pay for it, which drives up insurance rates for everyone else.

The Supreme Court has set aside an unprecedented six hours to hear the case, the longest time for arguments in the past 45 years, with most hearings being only about an hour long.

It also plans to release audio recordings of the debates on the same day as the hearings, which are expected to be packed with visitors in the marble-columned courtroom. Attorney General Eric Holder plans to attend.

Among the nine Supreme Court justices, five were appointed by Republican presidents and four by Democrats.