Women who breathe polluted air during pregnancy have babies with greater signs of “ageing” in their cells when they are born compared to babies whose mothers breathed cleaner air, a Danish study found.
This study came out soon after data revealed that pollution in Malta continues to be among the worst in Europe.
The researchers reported in Jama Paediatrics that babies with higher exposure to fine particle pollution during gestation had shorter caps on the ends of their chromosomes and suggest that the findings offer a possible biological reason for health problems encountered by children who live where smog and traffic exhaust is pervasive.
“Reducing exposure to air pollution is a good thing, for both the parents and for the unborn baby,” said Pam Factor-Litvak, author of an accompanying editorial and a public health researcher at Columbia University in New York.
“Prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with a host of adverse outcomes,” Factor-Litvak said by e-mail.
For the study, Tim Nawrot of Hasselt University in Diepenbeek, Belgium, and colleagues examined telomere length from samples of cord blood and placental tissue for 641 newborns in the Flanders region.
They also looked at mothers’ exposure to pollutants known as PM 2.5, a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter that can include dust, dirt, soot and smoke and are often found in traffic exhaust.
Meanwhile, data published in a study by the European Environment Agency (EEA) showed Malta has the fourth highest levels of particles in the air compared to all member states.
Most EU residents are exposed to poor air quality
The EEA analysed the data gathered by the individual member states, concluding that most EU residents are exposed to poor air quality, with fine particulate matter causing the premature death of some 400,000 people in Europe every year.
Earlier this year, the European Commission said that Malta needed to improve air quality in the most urbanised areas by introducing systemic solutions to ease transport congestion.
Some previous research has linked exposure to traffic fumes and air pollution to higher odds of infertility as well as an increased risk of delivering underweight or premature babies. Prior research has also linked shorter telomeres to an increased risk of a variety of chronic health problems in adults, including heart disease and cancer.
Telomeres shorten each time a cell divides. Once telomeres are too short, cell growth stops, which is why their length is considered a potential indicator of cellular ageing and overall health.
In the current study, Nawrot’s team examined data on women who had full-term babies from 2010 to 2014. Researchers used mothers’ home addresses to estimate average exposure to PM 2.5 during each week of pregnancy.
Overall, the women’s average weekly exposure to PM 2.5 was 13.4 micrograms per cubic metre of air (ug/m3). Mothers exposed to higher levels of PM 2.5 gave birth to babies with shorter telomeres.
Each increase of 5 ug/m3 in PM 2.5 exposure during pregnancy was associated with roughly nine per cent shorter telomeres in babies’ cord blood on average, and 13 per cent shorter telomeres in placenta samples, the study found.
The researchers accounted for other maternal factors like education, income, health conditions and smoking history, as well as the babies’ sex and weight at birth.
One limitation of the study is that women’s actual PM 2.5 exposure might differ from what researchers estimated based on home addresses, the authors note. It’s also possible that the babies’ parents had shorter telomeres and this influenced the telomere length in newborns.
Even so, the findings suggest that it is possible for air pollution to cross the placenta barrier and directly affect the chromosomes in babies, said Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, a researcher at the Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology and the Barcelona Institute for Global Health in Spain.
“We know that air pollution reduces the birth weight of babies and may reduce gestational age and head circumference, but we did not know about biological ageing during pregnancy,” Nieuwenhuijsen, who was not involved in the study, said. “I believe this is the first study looking at this and shows that ageing due to air pollution starts already during pregnancy.”
As much as possible, people should avoid breathing smog and traffic fumes, said Shruthi Mahalingaiah, a researcher at Boston University School of Medicine, who was not involved in the study.