Global equity markets tumbled during the middle part of last week after poor data from the US heightened fears over the health of the global economy.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average index dropped to a low of 15,855.12 points on Wednesday, down by 1,495.52 points or 8.6 per cent from its recent high of 17,350.64 points reached on September 19 – the day of the flotation of the Chinese internet company Alibaba on the New York Stock Exchange. Likewise, the broader S&P 500 index shed 3 per cent on Wednesday to a low of 1,820.66 points, representing a 9.8 per cent decline from the all-time high of 2,019.26 points also on September 19.

European equity markets were harder hit last week with the FTSE MIB in Italy down 4.4 per cent on Wednesday, the CAC 40 in France losing 3.6 per cent and the German DAX declining by 2.8 per cent during the day. The European Stoxx Europe 600 index, a broader measure of the equity markets across continental Europe, declined by 3.2 per cent last Wednesday and by a further 2.9 per cent on Thursday morning to its lowest level since September 2013. The sudden decline last week resulted in the index declining by 13.8 per cent from its recent high on September 19, implying that the index officially entered a correction phase in less than four weeks.

A market correction refers to a decline of at least 10 per cent in an index or an individual security while a bear market refers to a drop of at least 20 per cent.

The UK’s FTSE 100 also entered correction territory as the stock market rout continued on Thursday morning with the index dropping to a low of 6,098 points compared to its recent high of 6,904.86 points on September 4. The FTSE 100 then recovered to close the day marginally above Wednesday’s close. However, it is worth highlighting that the 2.8 per cent slump on Wednesday represented the largest one-day fall for the UK index since June 2013 and its lowest level in the past 15 months.

*Source: Thomson Reuters

Bond markets were also impacted by the renewed global turbulence. The 10-year US Treasury yield surprised many commentators and crashed to a low of 1.86 per cent (the lowest level since May 2013) on diminishing prospects for a rate hike by the Federal Reserve as early as June 2015.

Likewise, the yield on the 10-year German bund dropped to a fresh low of 0.716 per cent last Thursday while, on the other hand, the borrowing costs of some of the eurozone’s most highly indebted members started to climb again. The yield on the 10-year Greek government bond climbed as high as 7.85 per cent (well above the 7 per cent level that is deemed as unsustainable) amid fresh political turmoil surrounding the country’s plans to exit its bailout ahead of schedule.

Greece is hoping to leave its bailout programme early and meet its funding requirements through the debt markets rather than asking the three organisations (the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund) for more assistance. However, the renewed upswing in yields is making this situation much less likely.

Sovereign borrowing costs have also increased in recent weeks in Spain, Portugal, Italy and France despite the decline in German yields. This yield divergence is implying that the markets are speculating again on the prospect of a eurozone break-up.

Investors are finally digesting some of the recent gloomy headlines and, as a result, we should brace ourselves for much higher volatility

Some investors may wonder what caused last week’s sudden volatility across equity, bond and currency markets. Data on retail sales and manufacturing activity in the US, indicating that the largest economy in the world was also being hit by a global fall in demand, was the catalyst behind the sell-off. This added to the other gloomy headlines of recent weeks which initially seemed to have been ignored by the market but when taken altogether led to some panic movements last week.

The stagnating eurozone economy was the major focus over the summer which culminated in the German government cutting its growth forecasts for the next two years amid growing evidence that the country could slide into recession. The inflation figures across Europe at a 5-year low led to an increased likelihood of deflation.

The problem with deflation is that as consumers expect prices to decline in the future, they postpone certain purchases, creating a drop in demand leading to further price cuts. This knock-on effect results in a worse recession.

Moreover, the international credit rating agencies Fitch and S&P revised their outlook rating for France downward from stable to negative after the French government last week announced delays in its plans to bring the country’s finances within the parameters of the eurozone. Furthermore, Italy, the third largest eurozone member, is likely to experience another economic contraction in 2014.

Market sentiment also weakened amid rising geopolitical tensions including the protests in Hong Kong and evidence of the spread of the Ebola disease.

Additionally, the withdrawal of stimulus measures by the US Federal Reserve (which was instrumental in reducing volatility and pushing up equity markets since 2009) and the possibility of an interest rate hike in 2015 added to financial market fragility.

Recent comments from the Bank of International Settlements also created further anxiety. The BIS, the world’s oldest international financial organisation aimed at promoting monetary and financial stability, explained that “global financial markets are dangerously stretched and may unwind with shock force as liquidity dries up”. A spokesperson for the BIS also indicated that the biggest worry is a precipitous sell-off in the bond markets once the US Federal Reserve and other major central banks begin to tighten monetary policy. The BIS added that this time it could be even more severe compared to the US bond market crash in 1994 when the Federal Reserve unexpectedly increased interest rates from 3 per cent to 6 per cent starting in February 1994 with the resultant effect that 10-year bond yields climbed from 5.2 per cent to 8 per cent. This naturally led to a significant decline in US government bond prices.

Currency markets also became increasingly volatile last week as the poor data from the US resulted in the dollar dropping to a 3-week low against the euro. The US dollar had rallied by over 10 per cent since May 8, to a two-year high of $1.2499 against the euro on expectations of an early rate hike by the Federal Reserve amid a stronger outlook for the US economy during the summer.

Following last week’s sell-off, while some commentators are viewing this as a temporary correction in a continued long-term bull market, others are arguing that it is the start of a bear market. Only with hindsight can we know with certainty what last week’s events represent. What is evident is that investors are finally digesting some of the recent gloomy headlines and, as a result, we should brace ourselves for much higher volatility in the weeks and months ahead.

Edward Rizzo is a director at Rizzo, Farrugia & Co. (Stockbrokers) Ltd.

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