German carmakers BMW, Audi and Mercedes will pay around €2.5 billion to buy Nokia’s maps business, beating out high-tech rivals for location services seen as key to the future of self-driving cars.

Germany’s three premium carmakers joined forces and will hold equal stakes in the business, known as HERE, clubbing together to keep the assets from falling into the hands of internet rivals in Silicon Valley or China.

The deal has an enterprise value of €2.8 billion, including liabilities worth nearly €300 million for which Nokia will compensate the carmakers, the Finnish company said yesterday. The transaction is likely to close in the first quarter of 2016.

The deal allows the automakers to offer new premium features like autonomous driving in their luxury cars, shaking up the pecking order among carmakers, their parts suppliers and software rivals like Uber, Google or Apple.

“With the joint acquisition of HERE we want to secure the independence of this central service for all vehicle manufacturers, suppliers and customers in other industries,” said chief executive Dieter Zetsche of Daimler, which invented the motor car in 1886.

But it is unclear how other HERE customers, including rival carmakers, may respond to Germany’s carmakers owning map technology, which many in the auto, internet and logistics industries see as key to their own strategies.

“There is a risk that the other automakers will be pushed further into the arms of Google,” said Richard Windsor, an independent financial analyst who tracks major tech players.

HERE is the leading supplier of digital maps for most carmakers

Intelligent mapping systems like HERE’s are the basis on which self-driving cars linked to wireless networks can perform functions such as recalculating a route to the nearest electric charging station or around a traffic jam or accident.

They are also used in everything from consumer smartphone navigation to local transport services.

At a later stage, the carmakers will invite private equity firm General Atlantic to join the consortium as an investor and potential mediator, two sources familiar with the matter said. The size of the stake has not yet been decided but could be up to a third of the business.

HERE is the leading supplier of digital maps for most of the world’s top carmakers, accounting for half its expected $1.1 billion revenues in 2015.

It also supplies mapping services to internet customers including Amazon, Yahoo and Baidu.

In addition, it competes with smaller Dutch mapping firm TomTom, which has begun to retool its business to focus on carmakers rather than consumers.

TomTom recently teamed up with Bosch, one of the world’s top auto suppliers, to create an alternative platform to HERE for carmakers.

HERE was created via the $8.1 billion acquisition of Navteq in 2008 by Nokia, which aimed to create consumer map services for mobile phone users but later switched to focus on carmakers. Nokia is now shedding its maps business as it integrates its purchase of telecom network equipment maker Alcatel Lucent.

The Finnish company, which subsequently wrote down the value of HERE to around €2 billion, said it expected to book a gain on the sale to the carmakers.

Operating systems for self-driving vehicles, as well as services associated with autonomous driving such as car-sharing, recharging and parking services, may become money-spinners for carmakers seeking new business beyond manufacturing.

Self-driving and connected car services could become a $50 billion market.

Andreas Tschiesner, head of McKinsey’s automotive practise in Germany, said: “The automotive industry is facing a big disruption through connectivity and connected driving technologies. These features will become an important source of differentiation.”