Nelson Mandela's release from an apartheid prison 20 years ago yesterday ushered in South Africa's democracy, but an intractable social divide has dimmed the sparkle of the nation's "rainbow miracle".
Mr Mandela's African National Congress (ANC) steered the country from the brink of civil war to prospering democracy, in a transformation that will be showcased during the football World Cup this year.
But two decades after Mr Mandela walked free, hope and joy at South Africa's emergence from white-minority rule have given way to scrutiny and cynicism as the government has struggled to meet the enormous expectations of the public, especially the poor, analysts say.
"There was a huge hope that a new dawn was going to come. That sense of great optimism and hope has faded enormously," said Moeletsi Mbeki of the South African Institute of International Affairs.
"People are asking themselves: What exactly is the ANC doing in South Africa besides buying themselves big cars and paying themselves huge salaries as ministers," Mr Mbeki said.
Now 91 years old and increasingly frail, Mr Mandela gives only occasional video addresses, most recently for the final draw of the World Cup, which he lobbied to bring to South Africa.
When he does appear in public, he leans on his wife Graca Machel or on aides to walk.
But in the popular consciousness, Mr Mandela remains the towering figure who appeared on February 11, 1990, with arms outstretched on the balcony of Cape Town's city hall to greet the 50,000 people clamouring to see him after his 27-year imprisonment.
"I greet you all in the name of peace, democracy and freedom for all," he said then, in a speech broadcast across the globe.
"Our struggle has reached a decisive moment," he said.
"We call on our people to seize this moment so that the process towards democracy is rapid and uninterrupted. We have waited too long for our freedom."
Four years later, the prisoner became President, setting South Africa on a course towards reconciliation by restoring dignity to the black majority and reassuring whites they had nothing to fear from change.
"When he emerged from prison, people discovered that he was all the things they had hoped for and more," said his fellow Nobel prize winner, Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
"He is by far the most admired and revered statesperson in the world and one of the greatest human beings to walk this earth."
Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela, affectionately known by his clan name "Madiba", was born in Mvezo village in one of South Africa's poorest regions, the Transkei. He is the great-grandson of a Tembu king. He was given his English name "Nelson" by a teacher at his school. An activist since his student days at Fort Hare University College in the southeast, Mandela opened South Africa's first black law firm in Johannesburg in 1952, along with fellow activist Oliver Tambo.
He became commander-in-chief of Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear of the Nation), the armed underground wing of the African National Congress, in 1961, and the following year underwent military training in Algeria and Ethiopia.
After more than a year underground, Mr Mandela was captured by police and sentenced in 1964 to life in prison during the Rivonia trial, where he delivered a speech that was to become the manifesto of the anti-apartheid movement.
"During my lifetime, I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society...
"It is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Mr Mandela was jailed on Robben Island for 18 years before being transferred in 1982 to Pollsmoor prison in Cape Town and later to Victor Verster prison in nearby Paarl.
As international sanctions mounted, hardline President PW Botha was replaced in 1989 by the more conciliatory FW De Klerk, who a year later ordered Mr Mandela's release. Both men were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
Mr Mandela embodied the hopes of his nation in April 1994 when he cast his ballot for the first time in his life.
In office, he used his keen sense of the power of symbolism to further his drive for reconciliation, famously having tea with the widow of apartheid architect Hendrik Verwoerd, and donning the Springboks rugby jersey to congratulate the mainly white team's victory in the 1995 Rugby World Cup.
He served only one five-year term, but later devoted his energy to mediating conflicts, including the war in Burundi.
In 1998, on his 80th birthday, Mr Mandela, after having divorced Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, married Graca Machel, the widow of Mozambican President Samora Machel.
In 2005, he announced his only surviving son had died of AIDS and appealed for openness about the disease, one of the few African leaders to do so.