Think tank New Financial has scoured through hundreds of speeches, articles and reports from the EU27 in an attempt to distil what policymakers and regulators in each member state really think about Brexit. Here is a 10-point summary of the main findings, indicating the countries that specifically mentioned the relevant issue.

1. Politics first

Maintaining the unity of the EU and the integrity of the single market is the overwhelming priority of the majority of EU27 countries. The UK will not be allowed to pick and choose between the four freedoms (movement of people, capital, goods and services) and many countries are prepared to put politics ahead of economics. Nothing will be agreed in any sector until everything has been agreed in all sectors.

(Germany, France, EU institutions, Malta, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Sweden, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Slovakia, Slovenia)

2. Tough talking

The UK will face a tough negotiation process with the three most important groups: Germany, France and EU institutions. Many of the UK’s closest friends are already adopting a relatively hard stance. While there is little appetite to ‘punish’ the UK, the stance of some countries has hardened in recent months in response to ‘hard Brexit’ and the talk in the UK of ‘no deal is better than a bad deal’.

(Germany, France, EU institutions, Sweden, Denmark, Malta, Italy, Spain, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Slovenia)

3. An imperfect alternative

There is an almost universal view in the EU27 that a deal based on equivalence (allowing firms based in the UK to continue to access EU markets based on broadly equivalent regulation) would not be appropriate, and very few policymakers in the EU have expressed public support for the sort of ‘enhanced equivalence’ regime that the UK has floated. Access to the single market from London will be strictly controlled. Most – but not all – countries accept the need for a transitional deal, but only for a short period and on the condition that the UK falls under EU jurisdiction during that period.

(Germany, France, EU institutions, Italy, Luxembourg, Belgium, Sweden)

4. A focus on financial stability

The main concern of most supervisors and regulators in the EU27 is financial stability and close cooperation with the UK authorities post-Brexit, given the high level of financial integration between the UK and EU27. Many supervisors are insisting on firms having a substantial local presence as part of any relocation, and any deal on financial services should include shared oversight of euro-denominated trading and clearing, while some countries are pushing for enforced physical relocation of these activities.

(Germany, France, EU institutions, The Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia)

5. The future of the City

Most countries accept that London will continue as the dominant financial centre in Europe post-Brexit, but that a range of financial centres in the rest of the EU will benefit from the relocation of some UK-based business. The UK will lose influence in financial policymaking: there is growing support in the rest of the EU to accelerate the integration of supervision, regulation and market infrastructure across the EU27.

(Germany, EU institutions, Spain, The Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Sweden, Austria)

6. Competing for business

The UK faces a wide range of competition for business in different sectors post-Brexit. Some countries (such as France, Ireland, Italy Luxembourg and Poland) are actively pitching for firms to relocate, offering tax breaks and other incentives. Others, such as Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, are taking a more passive approach to competition. Everyone agrees that some relocation of UK-based activity will be required.

(Germany, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden, Poland, Spain, Belgium, Austria, Portugal)

7. An expensive rebalancing act

Brexit will lead to a potentially healthy rebalancing of financial markets activity across the EU as no single financial centre will be able to attract or accommodate all of the business that moves from the UK. This will be accompanied by an increase in the cost and complexity of financial activity due to duplication and relocation – but that is seen as an unfortunate but necessary political trade-off.

(Germany, France, EU institutions, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Sweden)

8. A weaker hand

The importance of the City to the EU economy is not as a strong a card as many in the UK might have hoped. EU27 member states recognise the asymmetric trade-off between the importance to the UK of its financial services exports to the EU and the import of goods from the EU. An agreement on financial services will be the hardest part of trade talks, and getting a deal for the City is more important to the UK than to the rest of the EU. The EU27 knows that the UK needs a deal on financial services, and really wants one on trade in goods.

(Germany, France, EU institutions, Malta, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Austria, Cyprus, Denmark, Greece, Portugal)

9. A tortuous process

Negotiations will be more complex and more political than the UK media suggests, and will require a lot of give and take. While the EU27 is keen to arrange a trade deal, an agreement on services will be tougher because the jobs, control and value remain with the country that hosts the service providers. The formal negotiations period under Article 50 will be less than two years once you take the approval of EU institutions and member states into account, but few people in the EU27 expect a deal to be agreed in less than two years.

(Germany, France, EU institutions, Ireland, Belgium, Sweden, Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic)

10. A race to the bottom?

Any suggestion that the UK would aim to attract business post-Brexit through deregulation or a more aggressive tax policy would be seen as a direct threat to the EU27 and trigger a tough response. The UK cannot set lower taxes to attract business because it needs tax revenues for its budget deficit and will have to adhere to global norms such as OECD guidelines.

(Germany, France, EU institutions, Spain, Ireland, Luxembourg, Sweden)

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