Iraq's Kurdish fighters, also known as the peshmerga, largely paused their advance, according to commanders stationed along the front to Mosul's east, consolidating gains from the previous day.

Iraqi army forces advanced to the south and east of Mosul, reaching the outskirts of the town of al-Hamdaniyah, a historically Christian town once home to tens of thousands, east of Mosul.

On the southern front, Iraq's federal police pushed up to the town of al-Houd, still home to hundreds of people, according to estimates from the United Nations.

Iraqi army Lieutenant Colonel Mohammed Shaker said al-Hamdaniyah has been surrounded and his forces have retaken six other villages over the past two days.

More than 25,000 troops have mobilised for the Mosul fight, a massive operation that is expected to take weeks, if not months.

Iraq's second largest city is still home to more than a million people and humanitarian groups have warned that up to a million could be forced to flee, unleashing a large-scale humanitarian crisis.

"The operation is going according to schedule and we have been very successful," said Iraqi army Major General Qassim Al-Maliki.

"The enemy is pulling back but they are leaving small mobile units behind, each composed of three to four persons, and we are mopping them up."

On Monday, Kurdish forces had retaken some 200 square kilometres (80 square miles), according to Massoud Barzani, the president of Iraq's largely autonomous Kurdish region.

Peshmerga commanders on the ground estimated they retook nine villages and pushed the front line with IS back eight kilometres (five miles).

The front line east of Mosul is now some 30 kilometres (20 miles) from the city.

On Tuesday morning, those front lines were largely quiet, a day after Iraqi Kurdish forces advanced amid a barrage of US-led air strikes and heavy artillery.

"We are just holding our positions," said Colonel Khathar Sheikhan, of the peshmerga. "The Iraqi army will now advance past our arenas of control."

"We have achieved our objectives," he said.

A spokesman for the US-led coalition said the operation was proceeding as planned and that Iraqi forces were making "excellent progress".

"There's no pause in efforts to liberate Mosul. Troops are on the move on various axes of advance towards the city," said Colonel John Dorrian.

"Some commanders have reached their objectives ahead of schedule after encountering light-to-moderate resistance."

In Baghdad, thousands of followers of an Iraqi Shiite cleric marched in front of the Turkish embassy on Tuesday demanding the withdrawal of Turkish troops from a base near Mosul.

"Get out, get out, occupier!" and "Yes, yes, for Iraq," chanted the followers of Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr.

Turkey says the troops are training Iraqi fighters to help retake Mosul, and that they are there with the permission of the Iraqi government.

Baghdad denies it granted permission and has ordered the Turks to withdraw - a call Ankara has ignored.

The spat has raised concerns that the defeat of IS could lead to renewed conflict among the various fighting units currently allied against it.

Turkish prime minister Binali Yildirim said that the fighters who were trained at the Bashiqa camp near Mosul were at the forefront of the Mosul operation, fighting alongside Kurdish forces.

"Those who say Turkey has no business in Mosul have got their answer," he said.