Two children in southwestern Ukraine have been paralysed by polio, the first outbreak of the disease in Europe since 2010, the World Health Organisation said yesterday, in a setback for a global eradication campaign.
The WHO said Ukraine had been at particular risk of an outbreak because of inadequate vaccination coverage. In 2014, only 50 percent of children were fully immunised against polio and other preventable diseases, it said.
The risk of further spread within the country is high, although the threat to nearby Romania, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia is low, a WHO statement said.
There is no cure for polio, which attacks the nervous system and can cause irreversible paralysis within hours of infection. It mainly affects young children in areas with poor sanitation. A global vaccination campaign has largely stamped out the virus, and only Pakistan and Afghanistan have reported cases of wild polio virus this year. Madagascar and Nigeria have, like Ukraine, suffered vaccine-derived outbreaks.
There are a lot of other children and adults who will have polio – it’s in the sewage system
The oral vaccine contains a very weak live virus and is considered safe and effective in preventing the disease. But immunised children excrete the vaccine, and within12 months it can mutate in the environment and begin causing paralysis again in unvaccinated children.
“This is an epidemic-prone disease,” said Oliver Rosenbauer, a spokesman for the WHO’s polio eradication department. “This is a virus that’s very good at finding susceptible children.”
He said the two cases in Ukraine – a 4-year-old and a 10-month-old – were merely the visible cases among many silent carriers.
“You don’t have two kids infected with this strain. There are a lot of other children and adults who will have it. It’s in the sewage system.”
Vaccine-derived polio strains tend to spread less easily and not cause as many cases as the wild virus, he said, and a full outbreak response could stop the spread in its tracks. The cost of such a response was still being worked out, he said.
Ukraine, where a conflict between government forces and pro-Russian separatists erupted in the east in April 2014, has been rid of wild polio virus since 1996.
Turkey was the last country in Europe where polio was endemic, but it has been rid of the disease since 1999. Europe’s last outbreak was in 2010, after the virus was imported from Tajikistan to Russia, leading to 14 cases, Rosenbauer said.