The Islamic State (IS) group is fundamentally no weaker than it was when the US-led bombing campaign began a year ago, American intelligence agencies have concluded.
The military campaign has prevented Iraq's collapse and put IS under increasing pressure in northern Syria, particularly squeezing its self-proclaimed capital in Raqqa. But despite billions spent and more than 10,000 extremist fighters killed, intelligence analysts see the overall situation as a strategic stalemate.
IS remains a well-funded extremist army able to replenish its ranks with foreign jihadis as quickly as the US can eliminate them. Meanwhile, the group has expanded to other countries, including Libya, Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and Afghanistan.
The assessments by the CIA, the Defence Intelligence Agency and others appear to contradict the optimistic line taken by the Obama administration's special envoy, retired general John Allen, who told a forum in Aspen, Colorado, last week that "Isis is losing" in Iraq and Syria.
"We've seen no meaningful degradation in their numbers," a defence official said, citing intelligence estimates that put the group's total strength at between 20,000 and 30,000, the same estimate as last August when the air strikes began.
IS's staying power also raises questions about the administration's approach to the threat that the group poses to the US and its allies. Although officials do not believe it is planning complex attacks on the West from its territory, the group's call to Western Muslims to kill at home has become a serious problem, FBI director James Comey and others say.
Yet under the Obama administration's campaign of bombing and training, which prohibits American troops from accompanying fighters into combat or directing air strikes from the ground, it could take a decade to drive IS from its safe havens, analysts say.
The administration is adamant that it will commit no US ground troops to the fight, despite calls from some in Congress to do so.
The US-led coalition and its Syrian and Kurdish allies on the ground have made some inroads. IS has lost 9.4% of its territory in the first six months of 2015, according to an analysis by the conflict monitoring group IHS. And the military campaign has arrested the sense of momentum and inevitability created by the group's stunning advances last year, leaving the combination of Sunni religious extremists and former Saddam Hussein loyalists unable to grow its forces or continue its surge.
"In Raqqa, they are being slowly strangled," said an activist who fled earlier this year. "There is no longer a feeling that Raqqa is a safe haven for the group."
A Delta Force raid in Syria that killed IS financier Abu Sayyaf in May has also resulted in a well of intelligence about the group's structure and finances, US officials say. His wife, held in Iraq, has been co-operating with interrogators.
Syrian Kurdish fighters and their allies have wrested most of the northern Syria border from IS group. In June, the US-backed alliance captured the border town of Tal Abyad, which for more than a year had been the militants' most vital direct supply route from Turkey. The Kurds also took the town of Ein Issa, a hub for IS movements and supply lines only 35 miles north of Raqqa.
As a result, the militants have had to take a more circuitous smuggling path through a stretch of about 60 miles they still control along the Turkish border. A plan announced this week for a US-Turkish "safe zone" envisages driving IS out of those areas as well, using Syrian rebels backed by air strikes.
In Raqqa, US coalition bombs pound the group's positions and target its leaders with increasing regularity. The militants' movements have been hampered by strikes against bridges, and some fighters are sending their families away to safer ground.
In early July, a wave of strikes in 24 hours destroyed 18 flyovers and a number of roads used by the group in and around Raqqa.
Reflecting IS unease, the group has taken exceptional measures against Raqqa residents in the past two weeks, activists say. It has moved to shut down private internet access, arrested suspected spies and set up security cameras in the streets. Patrols by its "morals police" have decreased because fighters are needed on the front lines, the activists say.
But American intelligence officials and other experts say that in the big picture, IS is hanging tough.
In Iraq, the group's seizure of the strategically important provincial capital of Ramadi has so far stood. Although US officials have said it is crucial that the government in Baghdad win back disaffected Sunnis, there is little sign of that happening. American-led efforts to train Syrian rebels to fight IS have produced a grand total of 60 vetted fighters.
The group has adjusted its tactics to thwart a US bombing campaign that tries to avoid civilian casualties, officials say. Fighters no longer move around in easily-targeted armoured columns but embed themselves among women and children and communicate through couriers to thwart eavesdropping and geolocation, the defence official said.
Oil continues to be a major revenue source. By one estimate, IS is clearing $500 milliona year from oil sales, on top of as much as $1 billion in cash the group seized from banks in its territory.