Japan’s economy shrank more than initially reported in the third quarter on declines in business investment, data showed yesterday, surprising markets and backing premier Shinzo Abe’s recent decision to delay a second sales tax hike.

The hit from an April sales tax hike turned out to be bigger than expected, the revised gross domestic product data indicated, underscoring the challenges Abe and the Bank of Japan face in pulling the world’s third-largest economy sustainably out of deflation.

The revision to an annualised 1.9 per cent contraction from a preliminary 1.6 per cent fall confirmed Japan slipped into recession and confounded a Reuters poll projecting a 0.5 per cent contraction.

Abe, who has called a snap election for Sunday, hopes voters will agree that his stimulus policies and delay in the planned second tax hike next year will revive a sputtering economy. Media polls predict a landslide victory for his coalition.

“The harsh evidence for Abenomics shows that tame growth in wages in particular is likely to drag on private consumption and broader economic activity,” said Takeshi Minami, chief economist at Norinchukin Research Institute.

Adding to the gloom, manufacturers’ confidence slid in December and is expected to deteriorate further, the Reuters Tankan showed, highlighting the patchy nature of the recovery.

The key factor behind the GDP downgrade was a 0.4 per cent decline in business investment, revised from a preliminary 0.2 per cent fall. Analysts had expected capital spending to be revised up after an upbeat survey last week.

But spending was probably weak for small firms not included in the survey’s sample base and, coupled with other data used in revising GDP, led to the downward revision, a government official told reporters.

An increase in Japan’s sales tax to eight per cent from five per cent in April hit household spending and clouded the outlook for ‘Abenomics’, a mix of aggressive monetary expansion, fiscal stimulus and structural reforms aimed at ending economic stagnation.

The policies have been an initial success, brightening household and corporate sentiment by boosting stock prices and weakening the yen. Despite the two straight quarters of contraction, the size of Japan’s economy is still 1.4 per cent bigger than before Abe seized power in late 2012.