Adolf Hitler’s utopian plans to rebuild Berlin on a monumental scale were never realised, but the preparations that got under way involved demolitions and the use of slave labour − the victims mainly Jewish, as a new exhibition shows.
Masterminded by the Nazis’ favourite architect, Albert Speer, Hitler’s grand vision of a new capital for ‘Germania’ required the clearance of swathes of Berlin, whose displaced tenants were moved into apartments freed by deporting Jews.
A museum inside Gesundbrunnen tube station in northern Berlin explores the ideology and the consequences of Hitler’s unrealised ‘Germania’, to the rumbling of under-ground trains passing through adjoining tunnels.
“This is not about ‘Germania’ as the hobby of a dictator,” said the exhibition’s curator, Gernot Schaulinski. “It’s about the intentions of such a project, the ideology behind it, and those who suffered because of it.”
A giant map shows plans for a magnificent boulevard, seven kilometres long and 120 metres wide, which was to be flanked by towering buildings which would celebrate Nazi prestige.
A 320-metre-tall Great Hall was to stand at the end of the avenue, dwarfing the neigh-bouring Reichstag. Crowned with a 40-metre glass lamp, its green copper roof with an opening at the top was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome.
Aryan residents forced out were to move into 24,000 apartments
The district surrounding today’s Chancellery building where Angela Merkel works was destroyed to make room for the Great Hall. Relatives had to re-inter loved ones buried in cemeteries which stood in the way of the gargantuan boulevard.
The exhibition details how Speer, who was jailed for his role in the Third Reich until 1966, worked closely with senior Nazis and directly contributed to the terror of the death camps.
He ordered evictions in the demolition zones so buildings could be completed quickly once Germany had won the war.
Aryan residents forced out were to move into 24,000 apartments formerly occupied by Berlin’s Jews.
Speer worked with prominent Nazis Reinhard Heydrich and Joseph Goebbels to coordinate mass deportations from Berlin, which took place in October 1941. In 1942, he supported the expansion of death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau as a destination for deportees.
A diagram drawn by prisoner Rudolf Kauer shows the planned enlargement under ‘Professor Speer’s special programme’.
To meet demand for construction materials for ‘Germania’, Hitler, Speer and SS military commander Heinrich Himmler agreed to use concentration camp inmates as manpower.