Heart attacks could in future be predicted days in advance using a wearable blood monitor, research suggests. Scientists have identified two biomarkers whose levels drop dramatically within two weeks of a heart attack.
The discovery could lead to an early warning test that can tell heart patients when they are in danger, the researchers believe. It may even be possible to create a heart attack ‘alarm’ device that can be worn.
“Ultimately, our goal is to develop a test that predicts when a heart attack is going to occur in patients with heart disease,” said lead researcher Oxana Galenko, from the Intermountain Medical Centre Heart Institute in Salt Lake City, US.
“This would help physicians intervene pro-actively and stop heart attacks from happening. There are monitors people wear that detect blood chemistry, and if we really wanted to look into the future, perhaps we could develop something similar.”
The biomarkers are microRNAs, small strands of genetic material that are able to switch off genes by interfering with the way their codes are translated. Two of them, labelled microRNA 122 and microRNA 126, seem to disappear from the blood prior to a heart attack.
The scientists believe that when present, the microRNAs help to prevent heart attacks happening by blocking some unknown cardiac process.
“MicroRNAs turn things off,” said Dr Galenko. “Whatever they usually turn off in people with heart disease before a heart attack isn’t being turned off when microRNA levels are reduced, which may be causing something else to be activated.
“MicroRNAs act like a watch dog, when their levels are reduced, heart disease takes a turn for the worse and heart attacks are likely to occur.”
The discovery, reported at an American College of Cardiology meeting in Washington DC, came after Galenko’s team analysed data on 30 patients who had suffered a heart attack within 44 days of having blood samples taken.
The researchers looked at factors including age, gender, race, raised cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes.
But it was the changing levels of the microRNAs in the blood samples that stood out. Within two weeks of experiencing a heart attack, they plummeted.
RNA is a cousin molecule of DNA and plays a crucial role in transferring the genetic code to protein-making machinery in cells.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the code and ensures that a gene is ‘active’. MicroRNAs, which were only discovered in 1993, are effectively able to switch off genes by interfering with mRNA.
“We need to do additional research with more samples, but we’ve found a pattern that may help us understand the factors that lead to a heart attack,” Galenko added.