Many Americans this week have been toasting the 80th anniversary of the repeal of Prohibition, a 14-year ban on the sale and production of alcoholic beverages that turned booze-smuggling thugs into celebrities and otherwise-law-abiding citizens into criminals.
Many also wanted to toast one unintended consequence of Prohibition: a renaissance of cocktail creation that began as a way to make moonshine whisky and bathtub gin more palatable. Creative bartenders have kept the tradition alive, and it continues to this day.
While the cocktail has been around since the early 19th century, the combinations of spirits, sugars, water and bitters really started pouring into shakers during Prohibition.
In the 1920s there were 15,000 speakeasies in Detroit.
Great Gatsby author F. Scott Fitzgerald favoured Gin Rickeys as politicians and the famous hid out at New York’s “21 Club” with its secret wine cellar and disappearing bar.
Unlike saloons that were male bastions before Prohibition, speakeasies were coed and women, who had just gotten the vote, enjoyed a liberated lifestyle.
“The whole Prohibition cocktail thing was to cover up the poor quality of the alcohol,” said John McCarthy, a bartender at New York’s Bathtub Gin Lounge.
It is estimated that 10,000 people died of alcohol poisoning during Prohibition from bad bootleg whiskies, tainted gins and a federal government programme that added poison to alcohol to frighten folks from imbibing, according to The Poisoner’s Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York.
McCarthy credits the resurgence of cocktails to TV’s Food Network with its celebrity chefs and cooking contests that popularise well-prepared foods.
“And it has brought that locavore, artisanal esthetic that’s in the back of the house (the kitchen) to the front of the house (the bar),” he said.
Dale DeGroff, author of The Essential Cocktail: The Art of Mixing Perfect Drinks, agreed.
“If the culinary revolution hadn’t happened, we wouldn’t be where we are,” said DeGroff.
“If we didn’t have an audience that was willing to try new things and in love with these big flavours, we wouldn’t be where we are.”
Flavoured spirits starting with vodka have also fuelled the cocktail craze. In addition to lemon and pepper, there is salted caramel and wedding-cake-flavoured vodka and a host of other unusual pairings.
Other spirits have also become more flavourful, with maple syrup-laced Canadian whiskies and honey- or cherry- or apple-flavoured bourbons and Scotches.
The whole Prohibition cocktail thing was to cover up the poor quality of the alcohol
But McCarthy prefers to add his own flavours, mixing his own bitters, syrups and infusions.
“If I make a drink and you taste lemon, it’s because I want you to taste lemon,” he said.
McCarthy is working on perfecting a cocktail based on white rum, Szechuan peppercorns, pomegranates and lemon juice.
Ray Foley, editor and publisher of Bartender Magazine and author of Bartending for Dummies, said cocktails are going back to basics.
“The Manhattan, the Martini, the Side Car, they’re all coming back,” he said.
But there are still lingering reminders of Prohibition. It was only last April that the Governor of Kentucky signed a Bill repealing a Prohibition-era ban on election-day sales of alcohol. And in 2012, 33 of the 50 states still permitted towns and counties to be “dry”, or prohibit sale of alcohol within their borders.
To mark the anniversary of the repeal of Prohibition, the National Constitution Center, a non-profit devoted to the US Constitution, is sponsoring a travelling exhibition, American Spirits: the Rise and Fall of Prohibition, that began its national tour last month in St Paul, Minnesota where it runs until March 16.