Wave power may become reality in 2020, says E.ON

A first attempt fell victim to the crisis: Now in the docks of Scotland's ancient capital, a second-generation scarlet Sea Snake is being prepared to harness the waves of Britain's northern islands to generate electricity.

Dwarfed by 180 metres of tubing, scores of engineers clamber over the device, which is designed to dip and ride the swelling sea with each move being converted into power to be channelled through subsea cables.

Due to be installed next spring at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney, northern Scotland, the wave power generator was ordered by German power company E.ON, reflecting serious interest in an emerging technology which is much more expensive than offshore wind.

Interest from the utility companies is driven by regulatory requirements to cut carbon emissions from electricity generation, and it helps in a capital-intensive sector.

Venture capitalists interested in clean tech projects typically have shorter horizons for required returns than the 10-20 years such projects can take, so the utilities' deeper pockets and solid capital base are useful.

"Our view ... is this is a 2020 market place," said Amaan Lafayette, E.ON's marine development manager. "We would like to see a small-scale plant of our own in water in 2015-2017, built on what we are doing here. It's a kind of generation we haven't done before."

The World Energy Council has estimated the market potential for wave energy at more than 2,000 terawatt hours a year - or about 10 per cent of world electricity consumption - representing capital expenditure of more than £500 billion (€540 billion).

Britain has a leading role in developing the technology for marine power, which government adviser the Carbon Trust says could in future account for 20 per cent of the country's electricity.

The government is stepping up support as part of a £405 million investment in renewable energy to help its ambition of cutting carbon emissions by 80 per cent by 2050 from 1990 levels, while securing energy supply.

Britain's Crown Estate, which owns the seabed within 12 nautical miles of the coast, is also holding a competition for a commercial marine energy project in Pentland Firth in northern Scotland.

Besides wave power, Britain is testing systems to extract the energy from tides: private company Marine Current Turbines Ltd (MCT) last year opened the world's first large-scale tidal turbine SeaGen in Northern Ireland.

"We are often compared to the wind industry 20 years ago," said Andrew Scott, project development manager at Pelamis Wave Power Ltd, which is developing the Sea Snake system, known as P2.

Standing beside the train-sized serpent, Mr Scott said wave power projects are taking a variety of forms, which he said was similar to the development of the wind turbine.

"You had vertical axis, horizontal axis and every kind of shapes before the industry consolidated on what you know as acceptable average modern day turbines."

The Edinburgh Snake follows a pioneering commercial wave power project the company set up in Portugal last September, out of action since the collapse of Australian-based infrastructure group Babcock & Brown which held a majority share.

"It's easy to develop your prototypes and models in the lab, but as soon as you put them in water, it swallows capital," said John Liljelund, chief executive officer of Finnish wave energy firm AW-Energy, which just received $4.4 million from the EU to develop its wave-roller concept in Portugal.

At present, industry executives say marine power costs about double that from offshore wind farms, which require an investment of around €2 to €3 million per megawatt.

Solar panels cost about €3 to €4 million per megawatt, and solar thermal mirror power about €5 million. Other utility companies involved in wave power trials include Spain's Iberdrola, which has a small experimental wave farm using floating buoys called "Power Take-offs" off the coast of northern Spain. It is examining sites for a subsea tidal turbine project made by Norwegian company Hammerfest Strom.

Countries developing the technology besides Britain include Portugal, Ireland, Spain, South Korea and the US: About 100 companies are vying for a share of the market, but only a handful have tested their work in the ocean.